CIVILIAN LEADERSHIP IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE

CIVILIAN LEADERSHIP IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE When it comes to determining who should take the leadership role in disaster management in democratic countries, it often appears to be a toss-up. In contrast, the military still leads disaster response in many communist and dictatorial states. Take the United States, for example. A civilian agency, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), leads emergency management. FEMA operates under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which is also a civilian-led institution. This setup underscores the importance of maintaining civilian control in times of disaster. In the Philippines, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) serves as the primary agency responsible for disaster management. However, since the NDRRMC is under the Department of National Defense (DND), there is a general perception that disaster management remains dominated by the military. While it is true that the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) plays a significant role, it is important to note that the DND is fundamentally a civilian agency. This structure makes it easier for the military to be mobilized when necessary. A similar approach exists in the United States, where FEMA and the DHS can activate the National Guard and other military resources when the situation demands. However, the primary decision-making authority remains with civilian leadership. That said, a stronger case could be made for the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) to lead disaster management in the Philippines. As a civilian agency, the DILG is well-positioned to coordinate disaster response efforts through local government units (LGUs). Additionally, the Philippine National Police (PNP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) are all under the DILG's jurisdiction, providing ample manpower and logistical support. Should the need arise, the DILG can also collaborate with the AFP. With increasing tensions in the West Philippine Sea, it is prudent to allow the DND to focus on national defense, while the DILG handles internal disaster management responsibilities. Historically, the Department of the Interior was responsible for internal governance, a role that the DILG continues to fulfill. Furthermore, the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) serves as another key player in disaster management. As a civilian maritime agency, the PCG is often the first responder in coastal disasters. Unlike the Philippine Navy, which is a military organization, the PCG is more attuned to humanitarian missions. Should a situation escalate beyond the PCG's capabilities, the DILG could quickly request military assistance from the navy. Civilian leadership in disaster management ensures a community-centered approach. Civilian authorities excel at policy development, resource mobilization, and public engagement. By empowering local officials and promoting transparent decision-making, a civilian-led system fosters accountability and resilience. In conclusion, while military involvement in disaster management is often necessary, it is most effective when operating under civilian leadership. In the Philippines, a more prominent role for the DILG in disaster management would not only enhance response coordination but also allow the DND to focus on its primary role of national defense. Through this balanced approach, both civilian and military institutions can work together to protect and serve the people in times of crisis. Ramon Ike V. Seneres, www.facebook.com/ike.seneres iseneres@yahoo.com, 09088877282, senseneres.blogspot.com 05-17-2025